Damian Tharcisius

Damian Tharcisius

MAKING SENSE OF
CULTURE

Upholding the importance of
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Men be Damned – Mad Max: Fury Road (2015) Review


Movie Review

Men be Damned - Mad Max Fury Road (2015) Review

Epigraph

In a sort of ghastly simplicity we remove the organ and demand the function. We make men without chests and expect of them virtue and enterprise. We laugh at honour and are shocked to find traitors in our midst. We castrate and bid the geldings be fruitful.

– C.S Lewis

Handcuffed, Handicapped Max

OK, so here it is. My review of George Miller’s 2015 dystopian, action thriller. The latest addition to the Australian film maker’s previous three films in the same series. The latest in this franchise is neither a direct sequel or prequel to the previous films. For starters it does not feature main protagonist from the previous movies. But.. It has Charlize Theron.

To start off, I’m not a hardcore fan of this franchise. In that I have only managed to sit through the original film, which came out in 1979, that sets off this series. Besides that, I have only been able to manage glimpses of the next two in the series. Mostly on Cinemax (when cable TV was still a thing). A problematic omission one might think. Given the fact that the first film in the series, starring Mel Gibson, which is a cult classic, and the following two films, whilst not as ground breaking, still featured the Australian actor reprising his famous role. 

That said, it’s doubtful history and heritage are of any significance here, given what the producers have pulled off in the latest one. Mad Max: Fury Road is an action packed, visually stunning (in parts), theatrically captivating movie, with elements of a grand narrative underlying its visual chaos. However upon deeper inspection what is evident is a forced, agenda driven, and from the standpoint of the serious male viewer, a rather irksome and at times, an infuriating reel.

Going into this, I had some idea of what to expect, since the cover art of the film showcased a shaved, greased-out Charlize Theron, with the supposed protagonist of the story: Mad Max (Matt Hardy), in case there was any confusion, relegated to the position of the driver at the far end, with his face caged inside a metal contraption. It naturally begged the question: what is Ms. Theron, awesome as she is, in terms of an actress (and a stunning blonde) doing hogging the front cover of a movie that is supposed to be about someone else? 

In cinema, and popular culture more generally, little details like this matter. Whilst most people are too busy drooling over the visuals, the sound effects, the concept of a desert dystopia, along with the fact that this is the first Mad Max movie in two decades. The option of going with a female lead character, notably a well known quantity in the South African beauty (though minus her usual visual appeal) ought to have raised questions.

Apparently it didn’t. For critics and fans alike, Mad Max: Fury Road was a great film (2). Leaving aside the six Oscars, the box office success, and the countless other accolades, the general impression is that the 2015 Mad Max movie did everything right. But did it though?

Let me give you my blunt summation of this film right now: Mad Max: Fury Road, when one excises out all the ‘lights, camera and action’ parts of it, is a putridly politicized joke of a film. A joke, from the standpoint of all those who went into this expecting to see a, what was that? ‘Mad Max’ movie. Instead, what was on offer was a well edited reel with great visuals, but where the real protagonist, is effectively reduced to side character, whose simply there to fill in his name sake role and give the movie its credibility as a franchise that bears his name.

A quick overview of some of the positives. Which includes the aforementioned special effects, uncannily good costumes, realistic sets and I guess, the sound. Though I’ve never been a fan of the ear-drum busting character of theatres. However, these are the sort of things that one expects from big budget action films such as these. 

Besides that, there is some decent acting, namely by the protagonist ahem.. supporting actress? Charlize Theron and the villains. Who, for a movie such as this, are appropriately cruel and disgusting. The rest of this review is based on a set of notes that I jotted down, whilst watching this two hour long reel at home. I couldn’t help but preoccupy myself, given how boring it was. In case the reader happens to care, in this review I will try to avoid major plot points, but there are no guarantees. And given how dated the movie is, I’ll assume the reader knows what’s coming.

The Dumb (Non-Existent) Protagonist

Let’s get down to what the film gets wrong. The most glaring shortfall (or deliberate ploy) was the pathetically embarrassing portrayal of the protagonist Mad Rockatansky. The main actor, for most part of the film, came across as a boring, confused, and unforgivable from the standpoint of a protagonist of this strain, unresourceful and mostly, incompetent. 

The character’s lack of competence and a lack of will in the face of adversity, casts him as a disempowered force. One is left asking the question, almost from the outset: why is he even there? Mr. Max’s character, seemed to have been enlisted purely for the sake of filling in the namesake tick-box, so that the Mad Max film would actually have a ‘Mad Max’ in it. Essentially, this film could have worked perfectly without Matt Hardy’s presence. As good an actor as he is, his abilities are wasted, in what is effectively a homage to hairless woman-liberator.

The movie starts off with a monologue delivered by Mr. Hardy, where at one point he states “..they cannot touch me”. The meaninglessness of this remark, is soon validated, for no sooner (i.e. around 4 minutes after he had finished his little intro), Max is captured by the ‘Wild Boys’: the hairless, witless, freakish slaves of Joe Immortan. The mad, gangster-ish main villain of the story. Who looks like a mutated version of the leads of those weird rock bands from the 1990’s: who prided themselves on their “anti-Christ” messaging, and pro-Satanic signs and rituals.

Following his (first) capture, Mr. Max’s body is forcefully tattooed with inscriptions, including his blood type: a mark of his plight. One that does not get better. He then, makes a valiant attempt at escape from the hilltop quod, which fails miserably. In the course of this escape (i.e. capture) sequence, which ends in his attempts being foiled, he has this stupid, uncertain look on his face: a mixture of fear, desperation and helplessness. An indication that this character is one that is devoid of the old wit, spunk and that brash sense of self assurance, that was so characteristic of Mel Gibson’s portrayal.

Mr. Max not only manages to get himself captured. But for much of the film, he is “touched” or kicked around by every Tom, Dick and Harry and Janet and Jesse that the reel manages to throw at you. As the titular protagonist, following his failed (thus disempowering) attempt at escape, he spends much of the first half of the film, either off screen, or with his mouth closed shut, whilst being strung to moving bandwagon. And later on, when he finally breaks free, he spends the rest of the time taking orders, directly or implicitly, from the actual protagonist of the film. The aptly named: Imperator Furiosa. The rough laymen’s translation is: the one who gives orders. Quite an appropriate one, since that is what Mr. Hardy spends much of his screen time doing.

For much of, what constitutes the first act of the movie, Mr. Max is in (mobile) stock. Kind a like the Hunchback of hunchback of Notre Dame. With his mouth shut inside inside metal cage, there is no conversation either. A dumb, immobilized Mad Max. Isn’t that something? Thus the audience is compelled to follow the exploits of the shaved, breast-wrapped, and if you don’t mind me saying so, a deliberately ‘uglified’ Ms. Theron (no sexiness on part of the heroines please). This seems to have been a blatant move on part of the producers or whoever the heck that was in charge of this project. Who clearly seem to harbouring some kind of agenda. For the contrasts are glaring.. and purposeful.

Our bald heroine’s introduction, which follows almost immediately after his, is very much antithetical (I.e. laudatory) to his. As we encounter an independent, accomplished (she works for the Wild Boys) single-minded, and importantly savvy Furiosa. Who, as a ranking member within the villainous sect is hatching her plan to liberate herself and a bunch of naked-looking damsels from the clutches of the villain. Whose plan to save them, and liberate herself is one that actually works. The contrasts, in terms of the polarity is striking. The guy/hero screws things (and himself) up. Whilst the girl/emerging heroine, gets things right. From the outset.

These contrasts become more pronounced when the two of them meet for the first time. The first encounter between the two leaves no doubt who is going to be ‘the man’ in the relationship. As the scuffle that follows, is one which he receives most of the beating. All in the process of trying to sand wrestle a woman who is partially handicapped (Ms. Theron wears artificial hand). Whilst (a roughed up) Mr. Max is eventually subdued with help of the naked-looking damsels. However the gender divide, an unnecessary one, as these are the good guys, is further accentuated by the enduring ineptitude of the protagonist. Who at one point is made to endure the ignominy of being given basic driving lessons, by Ms. Theron. Women tend to not like incompetent losers. Mr. Max happens to be one. Takeaway: No one is getting laid.

Returning to the early escape sequence (I’m leaving out the specifics), where Mr. Hardy, is perched atop a moving automobile, with his orifice caged inside a metal device: which for me, read as: “If you’re not gonna be doing anything, you might as well keep your mouth shut”. Quite the appropriate chastisement one could say to the would-be protagonist. Not only is our male protagonist chained and strung up and left physically powerless, he can’t even open his damn mouth to express disdain at his predicament. Tell you something about the (Western) world today doesn’t it.

And the problems for our “protagonist” just continues. Besides having his mouth shut up till the 47th minute of the reel. Throughout the film, Mr. Max, often finds himself in situations where his initiative, inventiveness if allowed to operate, would have led to better outcomes. But instead, he (i.e. what the writers had intended for his character), simply looks on helplessly, powerlessly. For the spirit of proactivity and will is instead solely embodied by you-know-who. Who grabs the proverbial limelight. Mr. Max, for much of the film, comes across as a person lacking the skills and the savviness needed to survive in world such as this, let alone by the alpha male of the pack. The keen viewer would ponder, how did he end up in such a state. Especially given his (i.e. his character’s) history?

Mr. Max’s role as the disempowered male hero, is one that is artistically contrasted with the quintessential Furiosa. As his publicized powerlessness, is reinforced by the engagements involving his female counterpart. Who carries on in her merry way, doing virtually all the things one would have expected from the Mad Max. There is a moment in this film, which I think sums up the character’s (ignominious) status in the movie. A scene which takes place around 10 minutes past the halfway mark of the movie, where Mr. Max and the merry band of females, when the escaping the convey (or whatever), get stranded in front of a dead tree. When they hear approaching enemies. At which point Max quickly positions himself with a sniper to confront them, only to find Ms. Theron hovering over him with a demanding air. Acknowledging his relative ineptitude he hands the sniper over to her.

His uncharacteristic sloppiness soon becomes predictable. As he keeps getting himself into fixes from which he is unable to extricate himself, without the help of his female compatriots. One such farcical moment (for the wrong reasons) takes place when Mr. Hardy is driving the long-escape truck (a rare sight of agency). But whilst doing so, his steering wheel gets harpooned by an enemy grunt, which also ends up entrapping his left hand. Requiring outside help. Ultimately his hand, and possibly his life, gets saved by, get this, the suicidal heroics of a heavily-pregnant Rosie Huntington. Who risks much (don’t ask me how) to save his sorry a**. 

This theme is pervasive through the out the film. Whether it is him taking directions from Imperator, differing key decisions to the wiser (female) head, whenever the situation demands it. Or just looking stupid and inept requiring someone else (female) to save him. There is one moment, much later in the film, when Mr. Max does help Furiosa out in a tricky situation, presumably saving her life. Though, given what had come already, this was a rather desperate move to give Mr. Max some useful screen time.

Strong Female Character(s)

Well this was coming. The Imperator Furiosa’s near flawless presentation in the movie, other than accentuating the (forced) imbecility of the protagonist, also contributes to Ms. Theron’s character’s artificiality. Even if this is a Sci-Fi setting. The film makers logic, it seems, if Mr. Max’s every action is defined by its ineptness, then it is only right that the converse: the preordained perfection of Furiosa, become its natural foil. 

This sort a reminded me of Rey’s relationship with Luke Skywalker in The Last Jedi (2017). For akin it is worth noting that, since a central facet of the movie is Mr. Max’s relationship with the female Imperator, it is one which could be considered symbolic in context of the wider film. To get the obvious out the way, Ms. Theron is no love interest of Mr. Max. She was never meant to be. With her outwardly disempowered femininity, and more significantly her attitudinal unavailability. Whenever she was around Hardy’s character, there was this aura of ‘I’m not your type. Actually I’m not any man’s type’ pervading it. Going back to the example of Rey from Star Wars, I could be reading too much into this, but there seems to be correlation between these strong female characters and their sexual unavailability, as it concerns men.

Needless to say Imperator Furiosa is the arch-feminist in the movie. (For she is not the only one). And given the character arcs, and how the story unfolds, her title is a fitting one. But that is the problem. The movie is not about her. It is not meant to be about her. The film, as the title states, is: ‘Mad Max’: Fury Road. Not, ‘Imperator Furiosa: Fury Road’!? Her overwhelming presence in the film, in context what had transpired in the Mad Max series, is contrived and obnoxiously out of place. For much of the time, I, the viewer, was left wondering: how did a Mad Max film devolve into a girl-power romp? In context of the main plot; If anyone was going to save the imprisoned concubines from the villain, and liberate the resource starved/enslaved people from their privation and oppression, it should have been him and not her.

Further, questions must be asked of her story and history? What are her beliefs, motivations and aims? On what grounds did her she attain such a level prominence within the ranks of the “Wild Boys”. How did she become who she is, given that she is female, and-if you don’t mind me saying so-a doable one at that? More realistically, how did she evade the clutches of Immortan and escape the fate of one of his concubines? (Not that this is desired). Akin to the all powerful (Mary Sue) Rey, in the new Star Wars trilogy, none of these points in relation to this (strong) female character’s origins, and powers are engaged in any way. (And please don’t expect me to buy that s**t about Rey being Plagueis’ daughter).

Add to this, the moments of individual heroism from the females, much of which defies logic and reason. Notable here is Rosie Huntington’s-the runaway concubine-heroics. Who as a pregnant daredevil, attempts to save Mr. Max and their convoy-whilst it was moving at full throttle. The whole idea of a pregnant women trying to play hero by putting herself and her unborn children at risk, is so out there even by Sci-Fi standards, that it seems ridiculous. And it all came about thanks to our hero, Mr. Hardy’s inability. Taking a step back, the growing popularity of these strong female characters in recent times, at a broader level, seems to function as an audience subverting motif. And it is not a desirable one.

Patriarchal Politics

The politics that underlie Fury Road, is one that pays tribute to the age-old patriarchal theory of social control of women by mad, power-hungry men. All men presumably, who constitute this women-subjugating hierarchy. With the top dog (or devil in this case) at the top, controlling everything and everyone. With the rest of humanity (women and men) existing, only to do his bidding. Which includes a near total control of the resources, and the unrestrained access to (presumably all) young attractive women in the realm-without having to face any form protest. And, as an interesting addition, the main beneficiary of their maternal secretions, once impregnation and parturition (by him) is complete.

What is curious about the internal politics of the dystopian world headed by Immortan and his bald-headed, chalk-smeared grunts, is that these sycophants are all too happy to cater to his self-serving autocracy. And that the only type of persons within Immortan’s ranks who dare to express dissent at his abhorrent reign are the females. From some weird crone at the start of movie, who protests the captivity of his baby-making machines (i.e. concubines), to the mini-rebellion instigated by some women in his fold. Which ultimately becomes a major one, under the leadership of by the Imperator.

The impression that I got, is that the women who serve him, do so grudgingly or unwillingly. And rightly so. Whist his male soy boys, despite the vast numbers, their scrawny toughness and outward shows of aggression, are just a bunch of witless retards who have brought into some quasi-religious belief in a utopia, that he has promised to lead them to. Content with leading a life devoid of (individual) power and meaning. The women, on the other hand, are shown to be far more self-aware, considerate, practical and selfless, despite their pathetic state. Which clearly contrasts to the small minded, and generally lacking in self-respect personas of the males: who serve this monopolizing dictator without any form serious opposition.

Where is the ambitious young lieutenant who wants to assassinate this (literal) bag of bones, and usurp what he believes is rightfully his? Oh wait, there is one guy, who does break ranks. A side character. Who, in fairness to him, wants to bone one of the liberated concubines. Which probably tells you something. One who is interestingly, more interesting that Mr. Hardy himself. Which also probably tells you something.

A case in point which solidifies the notion of female independence and agency, apart from that of men. Is when the renegades led by Ms. Theron, run into a merry band of.. desert Amazons. Who despite their warrior-like character, are notably lacking in the femininity and sex appeal department (surprise, surprise). This all-female gang of desert vixens, seem like a bunch of women who have taken a vow of chastity. Who eventually decide to support the cause of Ms. Theron in her quest to over throw the evil patriarchal tyrant. 

So these female-led bands with the two male sidekicks: Mr. Hardy and the renegade incel, who apparently has had enough with involuntary celibacy-unite to fight the patriarchal oppression. What is important here, is that this the only good ‘group of people’ they encounter in their search for allies. For besides the main platoon of baddies, the dessert world has a number of other marauding tribes and brigands. Who incidentally also consist solely of men.

The politics of Mad Max: Fury Road, despite its broader political setting, is ultimately of a ‘personal’ character. For beneath the veneer of madman totalitarianism embodied by Immortan, a strong gender dynamic is at work. Notable is the fact that, all the baddies in the movie are male, whilst the good or half-decent persons are female. Even Mad Max himself, who for the most part, seemed liked he was only out for himself, acting in the most unreasonable ways. Well.. until the great truth dawns upon him-much later on-that it is best to work with the (more knowledgeable) ladies. In sum, the relationship between the sexes, even when it apparently clicks, is not constructive, and far from becoming romantic (with that one, failed exception).

Takeaways

From the standpoint of originality, this film-besides it’s underlying (or overt) social agenda-suffers. For example the “Wild Boys”-the main villains in the movie-seemed like a, less-ambitious rip-off of the ‘Reapers’, from the Gothic action thriller, Blade II (2002). Also there is a scene at the end of the film which borrows from another Matt Hardy segment: from the opening scene of The Dark Knight Rises (2012). Added to that, the big banana, Immortan, who despite looking like some ornated dessert ghoul, happens to be loaded up with a Darth Vader-sounding breathing apparatus. To make him sound intimidating and all.

See, it has got to a point where I’m no longer impressed by great visuals, fancy special effects, amazing sound mixing, unbelievable (or very believable) CGI, as draw points when it comes to movies, and visual entertainment in general. Suffice to say, I have essentially outgrown these. Whilst great visuals and stunning sets can certainly augment any motion picture. 

The premium must always, at least to my mind, be placed on the story, the themes and motifs and, its deeper message, and importantly, their believability. Even if these happen to be set within a fantastical setting: like a far-future dystopia, where the law of the jungle pervades. In fact, given the advances in CGI, special effects, stunt mechanics etc. Much of it built on the back of steadily rising budgets, the premium that is placed on a good story, and its artistic and impactful presentation ought to be greater.

The Mad Max franchise, which has moved from the less than half a million (Aussie) dollars spent for the first film (1979)-which grossed over $ 100 million. To well over 180 million for the latest iteration (3). The question is, when you add it all together, is main source of appeal, the core aspects of a movie (story, character, believability) or it is everything else? 

Modern films, speaking of the Hollywood variety, have become the products of massive cash infusions, built on ambitious visual projects from major studios, prepped by the casting of A-list celebrities, and half-acceptable (though much less plausible-even in a fantastical sense) story lines. The consequence of which, is that the tried and tested formula of a coherent plot, strong (and believable) characters, with solid arcs, with plot lines that are fleshed out with a clear beginning, middle, and end, that good story telling entails are sacrificed on the alter of making a quick cash grab (exemplified by the hyper popularity of the movie trailer industry (4). And, in more recent times, the preoccupation with the advancement of various social agendas.

Mad Max: Fury Road, falls firmly into the later category. The movie’s attempt to weave a political tale, that focuses on certain political realities of our times (speaking of the West): such as the growing demand for the presentation of strong independent women; the urge to focus on the exploitative character of societies, which invariably entails the singular (i.e. unfair) focus on the modus operandi of evil men. 

Men, whose bad actions are covertly tied to their (supposed) affinity with the “patriarchy”: a politically loaded terms, whose epistemological origins and applicative relevance are yet to be fully scrutinized. A concept which posits the notion that men as a collective, have conspired to disempower and subjugate women: all women. Hence, the story goes, there is a greater need for women to look up to other women for leadership and inspiration. More importantly, it (the worldview that it gives rise to) motivates (or rather impels) women to distrust men, in their (our) quest for self-assertion.

The film’s focus on the dangers of the concentration of power in a single person whilst commendable. However it pays inadequate attention to the political organization (or the lack thereof) that undergirds this dystopian world. The network of men who constitute the rag-tag army of marauding brigands, led by their ruthless tyrant, who have reduced women to the status of sex slaves/baby making (and milk producing) machines, is a product of poor or lack of right political organization. 

The result of the breakdown in the institutional frameworks that characterize a representative polity. This is obvious, since Mad Max: Fury Road takes place in post apocalyptic future dystopia, where the extant institutional safeguards have completely broken down due to a host possible factors: natural disaster, nuclear Armageddon, deadly pandemics etc. However, the impression created by the film (i.e. the fact that all men are portrayed as bad or incompetent), is that this totalitarian system, that crushes the rights and freedoms of the weak, especially those of women, is the result of excluding women from leadership positions.

This point is worth considering, for it seems to perpetuate the view that autocracies, which lord over their polities, and notably involve the oppression of women, as somehow resulting from political disenfranchisement of women. Which could be a popular notion within certain feminist intellectual circles. However this view misses the point, in that the positives of representative governments, civil and legal institutions which protect the rights and freedoms of persons etc. Are a function of a social order that emerges out political chaos. 

In the battle of ideologies, either in the electoral conflict between political parities, or in wars between nation states with different worldviews (e.g. between Nazi Germany and Allies), the social order espoused by those who embrace a certain set of values, principles, and beliefs and their victory, sets the stage for the enfranchisement of women. The disempowerment of women is the product of political systems that exclude women, and other groups (according to race, religion etc.). Owing to the fact the ideologies that undergird them are warped in character. Of which the subjugation of women is one many of shortfalls. Hence the key variable in the development of empowering, representative polities are the survival and advancement of the right values. Not sex.

No Future for (Aspiring) Men

There is a scene at the end of the movie (spoilers) which is telling for many reasons. With the patriarchal villain disposed, Furiosa and her now liberated band of ladies along with Mr. Max now stand at the center of the late Immortan’s stronghold. Upon the revelation of his demise, the masses crowd together and celebrate. With the main power broker removed, and the validity of the new leadership recognized, the key resource that the Wild Boys had been hoarding (water) is now released freely to the people. Couple of things stand out here: first the release of the water itself. Which had hitherto been kept under monopolistic control under the leadership of the patriarch and his (entirely male) minions. For when the water is released, the persons standing at its gateway are, you guessed it, women. A different set of women, for based on their age and size, were probably the older concubines of Immortan.

Then we see a platform, with the females of the story, led by Furiosa, standing upon it, as it is raised higher. A scene which is symbolic for many reasons. For in the now liberated world, with their oppressors slain, these newly empowered females, are rising towards the halls of power, once occupied by their former tyrannical (male) masters. As they rise to new heights, that were apparently denied to them, they do so alone. 

Without any men by their side. As they look on below, with the masses gathering below them (in reverence), the protagonist Mad Max, looks up, and on.. As he sees these women lifted up to a new stage. One that does not include him. One that does not need him. As he turns away and dissolves into the masses… A reality, I think, was foreshadowed in the opening credits, of the film. When both actors Matt Hardy and Charlize Theron were shown, with Matt’s name occupying the lower left hand corner, whilst Theron’s occupied the upper right hand corner.

The rise of these women, in this new beginning: a way of life devoid patriarchal tyranny-for in this post-apocalyptic dystopia with no functioning government, or mass social organization to speak of-these liberated women, who did not need a man to save the day, now led by the Imperator, are all set to define a their way forward. Watching this as a man, it did not feel good. It should not feel good. The broader (political) message here is, not only are men not needed. In an ideal future (one which has presumably not already been screwed up by tyrants like Immortan (i.e. men)), it is one in which it is better that men are kept away from the halls of power.

Mad Max: Fury Road is a movie about ‘the politics’ of sex, and gender. The men in this film, for most part, even by dystopian standards are portrayed as utterly unprincipled, lacking in humanity, and behave like a bunch of vile automatons. Who exist without agency, character or purpose (with the one-ish exception). The gender politics of the movie, whose feminist credentials are accentuated by the ‘goodness’ of women: who, when they’re not being the all-capable agents of righteousness, are also the hapless victims of male tyranny. 

Mad Max: Fury Road, despite its dystopian future settings, new forms of social organization, and the economics of survival is a concatenation that has crept out of the gender studies play book of modern academia. One that is deeply distrustful of anything male. It is an action Sci-Fi which is in fact a cover masking an ideologically motivated feminist message. A movie, based on its conclusion, that is advocating a matriarchal system as an alternative. If that was the case, the film should have been titled: ‘Imperator Furiosa: Feminist Ride’. Which would have saved me the trouble of watching it, and having to then sit down and write about it.


References

  1. Warner Brothers. 2020. MAD MAX: FURY ROAD. [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.warnerbros.com/movies/mad-max-fury-road. [Accessed 1 September 2020].
  2. Rotten Tomatoes, Mad Max: Fury Road. (2015): https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/mad_max_fury_road 
  3. [Wikipedia. (2015), Mad Max: Fury Road: https://en.wikipedia.org; Wikipedia, Mad Max. (1979): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mad] 
  4. Considine, P. (2019, May 10). SPOTLIGHT ON: FILM TRAILERS. IBC: https://www.ibc.org/trends/spotlight-on-film-trailers/3828.article